III. Urine A. Examination Volume: The average normal volume is 1,500 cc in a twenty-four-hour period. Any variation from this may indicate renal, bladder, or prostatic disease. Variations also may include diabetes, blood-transfusion reactions, and shock. Specific gravity: This may be conveniently established by the urinometer. It is a measure of the relative amount of solids in solution and i...

II. Blood chemistry A. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) The normal value is 9 to 19 mg per 100 ml. Principle: Urea is the end product of protein metabolism. Titration is the preferred method for its determination. Interpretation: These values are raised in severe renal disease and lower in pregnancy and malnutrition. Comment: NPN tests which arrive at essentially the same information should be elimi...

Every patient who places himself under the care of a dentist is a potential bearer of any disease known to man. Many of these diseases are diagnosed through information derived from laboratory tests. In hospital work particularly, a knowledge of these tests is essential, but many of them can be performed in the dental office on an outpatient basis. The literature is filled with laboratory experime...